Cov khoom siv tsoos smelting txoj cai ntawm pyrometallurgical tooj liab sulfide mloog zoo li cov khoom siv tseem ceeb
Tso lus
Smelting feem ntau yog hais txog matte smelting, uas lub hom phiaj rau oxidize ib co hlau nyob rau hauv tooj liab mloog zoo los yog roasted ore thiab tshem tawm los ntawm slag tsim xws li gangue thiab flux, uas ua rau zus tau tej cov tooj liab nplua nuj matte (xCu2S · yFeS). Tag nrho cov tooj liab, hlau, thiab sulfur nyob rau hauv matte feem ntau suav rau 80 feem pua rau 90 feem pua , thiab yuav luag tag nrho cov hlau muaj nuj nqis hauv lub cub tawg nqi nkag matte.
Cov khoom siv ib txwm siv rau matte smelting yog blast furnace, reverberatory rauv, hluav taws xob rauv, thiab lwm yam. Cov tshiab tsim tshiab loj tooj liab smelters feem ntau siv flash furnaces. Lub qhov cub tawg rau smelting yog lub qhov cub ntsug, uas tau siv los ntawm cov teb chaws me me rau kev siv tooj liab ncaj qha rau lub sijhawm ntev. Txoj kev ib txwm muaj yog sinter thiab moj tej tawg rauv smelting. Lub sulfide tooj liab concentrate yog thawj sintered thiab roasted kom tshem tawm ib co ntawm cov sulfur, ua rau nws mus rau hauv ib tug sintered pob. Nws yog ntxiv rau lub cub tawg rau hauv cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg nrog flux, coke, thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv batch, thiab tsim matte thiab khib nyiab slag thaum smelting. Txoj kev no muaj cov ntsiab lus SO2 tsawg hauv cov roj flue, ua rau nws nyuaj rau kev lag luam rov qab cov sulfur. Txhawm rau tshem tawm cov pa phem thiab rov ua kom cov sulfur los ntawm cov concentrates, cov concentrate blast furnace smelting txoj kev tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1950, uas suav nrog kev sib xyaw thiab kneading tooj liab sulfide concentrate rau hauv paste, thiab tom qab ntawd ntxiv qee cov khoom thaiv, flux, coke, thiab lwm yam. batches los ntawm qhov chaw noj mov hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub qhov cub sab saum toj los tsim cov khoom foob, txo cov pa tawm, thiab nce SO2 concentration. Cov khoom kneaded yog qhuav thiab roasted los ntawm kub flue roj nyob rau hauv lub cub tawg los tsim ib tug sintered khoom kem, thiab cov khoom thaiv kuj yog qhwv nyob ib ncig ntawm lub sintered khoom kem nyob rau hauv ib tug columnar zoo li kom muaj breathability thiab xyuas kom meej qhov zoo ntawm lub smelting lub lag luam.
Cov ntsiab lus tooj liab ntawm matte nyob ntawm qib siab thiab desulfurization tus nqi thaum lub sijhawm ci thiab smelting. Lub ntiaj teb qib matte feem ntau muaj 40 feem pua rau 55 feem pua tooj liab. Kev tsim cov qib high-grade matte tuaj yeem ua rau siv ntau dua ntawm cov cua sov ntawm sulfide cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab txo lub sij hawm tshuab ntawm cov txheej txheem tom ntej. Cov ntsiab lus tooj liab hauv smelting slag muaj feem xyuam rau qib ntawm matte, thiab cov ntsiab lus tooj liab hauv khib nyiab slag feem ntau yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm 0.4 feem pua thiab 0.5 feem pua. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tseem ceeb thaum lub sij hawm melting txheej txheem yog:
2CuFeS2 → Cu2S plus 2FeS plus S
Cu2O + FeS → Cu2S + FeO
2FeS + 3O2 + SiO2 → 2FeO · SiO2 plus 2SO2
2FeO + SiO2 → 2FeO · SiO2
Lub reverberatory rauv yog cov duab plaub thiab ua nrog cov khoom zoo refractory. Lub burner yog nyob rau ntawm lub taub hau ntawm lub cub tawg, thiab cov roj flue yog tawm ntawm tus Tsov tus tw. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau ntxiv los ntawm sab saum toj lossis sab saud ntawm sab phab ntsa, thiab cov matte raug tso tawm los ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj matte nyob rau hauv qab ntawm phab ntsa. Lub slag yog tawm ntawm lub slag tawm chaw nres nkoj nyob rau hauv lub sab phab ntsa los yog kawg phab ntsa. Lub cub tawg lub taub hau kub yog li ntawm 1500 degree mus rau 1550 degree, lub cub tawg qhov kub ntawm qhov kub ntawm 1250 degree mus rau 1300 degree, thiab lub qhov hluav taws xob flue roj kub yog nyob ib ncig ntawm 1200 degree. Thaum smelting thiab roasting ore, tus nqi roj yog 10 feem pua rau 15 feem pua, thiab lub txaj lub zog yog 3-6t / (m2 · hnub). Copper concentrate yog pub ncaj qha mus rau hauv lub cub tawg, nrog rau tus nqi roj ntawm 16 feem pua mus rau 25 feem pua thiab lub txaj lub zog ntawm 2-4t/(m2 · hnub), thiab hu ua raw concentrate smelting.
Cov txheej txheem reverberatory rauv smelting yog tsim rau ua flotation powdery concentrate. desulfurization tus nqi ntawm reverberatory rauv smelting txheej txheem yog tsawg, tsuas yog 20 feem pua ~ 30 feem pua, uas yog haum rau kev ua concentrate nrog qib tooj liab. Yog tias cov khoom siv raw muaj cov tooj liab tsawg thiab muaj leej faj, nws yuav tsum tau roasted ua ntej smelting. Qhov ntau lawm ntawm reverberatory rauv yuav ua tau loj-scale, thiab nws muaj zog adaptability rau raw cov ntaub ntawv thiab fuels. Nws yog cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb rau tooj liab smelting rau lub sijhawm ntev. Nyob rau xyoo 1970, cov teb chaws tau kawm los txhim kho reverberatory furnace smelting, thiab qee qhov siv cov pa oxygen txau los txhaj cov concentrates rau hauv qhov cub kom ntxiv dag zog rau kev sib khi kom nce SO2 concentration. Thawj smelter ntawm Tuam Tshoj Baiyin Corporation ntxiv tooj liab mloog zoo rau cov yaj nyob rau hauv lub reverberatory rauv rau blast smelting, uas txhim kho lub smelting zog, thiab cov flue roj yuav siv tau los tsim sulfuric acid. Txog rau thaum ntxov 1980s, lub reverberatory furnace muaj peev xwm khaws cia nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tseem ranked thawj nyob rau hauv tooj liab smelting khoom. Lub thawv hom hluav taws xob rauv, tab sis reverberatory rauv muaj cov pa roj ntau ntau thiab tsuas yog kwv yees li 1 feem pua SO2 nyuaj rau rov qab los. Lub thermal efficiency ntawm lub reverberatory rauv tsuas yog 25 feem pua ~ 30 feem pua, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshav kub nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem smelting yog siv tsawg dua, thiab cov cua sov xav tau tsuas yog muab los ntawm cov roj ntxiv.
Hluav taws xob rauv smelting ntawm tooj liab siv cov hluav taws xob arc rauv, tseem hu ua mining thermoelectric furnace, uas muaj ntau yam kev hloov mus rau cov ntaub ntawv. Nws yog feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas tsis tshua muaj nqi hluav taws xob thiab rau kev ua concentrates uas muaj refractory gangue. Tus nqi ntawm flue gas tsim los ntawm hluav taws xob rauv smelting yog me me. Yog tias tswj tau zoo, qhov concentration ntawm SO2 hauv cov pa roj flue tuaj yeem ncav cuag li 5 feem pua, uas yog qhov zoo rau kev rov qab los ntawm leej faj.
Copper smelting hluav taws xob rauv feem ntau yog cov duab plaub, nrog rau ob peb lub voj voog. Cov hluav taws xob loj loj feem ntau yog 30 m txog 35 m ntev, 8 m rau 10 m dav, thiab 4 m mus rau 5 m siab. Lawv siv rau tus kheej ci electrodes nrog ib txoj kab uas hla ntawm 1.2 m mus rau 1.8 m thiab yog powered los ntawm peb ib-theem transformers. Lub zog hluav taws xob ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob yog li ntawm 3000 txog 50000 kilovolt amperes, nrog rau chav tsev sov lub txaj pw thaj tsam ntawm 100kw / m2, lub txaj lub zog ntawm 3-6t / (m2 · hnub), lub cub tawg nqi hluav taws xob noj ntawm 400 mus rau 500kw · h / t, thiab ib qho electrode paste noj li ntawm 2-3 kg/t.
Flash smelting yog kom qhuav cov sib tov ntawm tooj liab sulfide concentrate thiab flux rau hauv qab no 0.3 feem pua dej cov ntsiab lus, sib tov nrog cua kub (los yog oxygen, los yog oxygen enriched cua), tsuag rau hauv lub cub tawg kom sai oxidation thiab melting, thiab tsim matte thiab slag. Nws qhov zoo dua yog tias lub cub hluav taws xob muaj lub zog melting siab thiab tuaj yeem siv tag nrho cov cua sov ntawm sulfide oxidation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Txo lub zog noj ntawm cov txheej txheem smelting. Tube furnace Flash smelting tuaj yeem kho qib matte hauv ntau qhov loj, feem ntau tswj tau li ntawm 50 feem pua, uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov kauj ruam tom ntej ntawm kev hloov pauv. Txawm li cas los xij, lub slag muaj cov ntsiab lus tooj liab siab thiab xav tau kev kho mob ntxiv.
Qhov concentration ntawm SO2 hauv cov pa roj flue tuaj yeem tshaj 8 feem pua.
Matte tshuab siv cov yam ntxwv uas ferrous sulfide yooj yim rau oxidize dua cuprous sulfide. Nyob rau hauv ib tug kab rov tav converter, huab cua yog tshuab mus rau hauv lub molten matte oxidize ferrous sulfide rau ferrous oxide, uas yog ces tshem tawm los ntawm slag tsim nrog ntxiv quartz flux. Lwm yam impurities raug tshem tawm ib nrab, thiab tom qab ntawd lub tshuab txuas ntxiv mus rau oxidize cov sulfur hauv cuprous sulfide rau hauv cov pa roj, uas ua rau cov tooj liab muaj 98 feem pua rau 99 feem pua tooj liab, thiab cov hlau tseem ceeb kuj nkag mus rau hauv cov tooj liab crude.
Copper matte converting yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv exothermic, uas tuaj yeem nqa los ntawm nws tus kheej cua sov. Feem ntau, qee cov khoom txias yuav tsum tau ntxiv kom nqus tau cov cua sov ntau dhau. Lub slag tom qab tshuab muaj cov ntsiab lus tooj liab siab, feem ntau yog 2 feem pua mus rau 5 feem pua , thiab rov qab mus rau qhov cub smelting los yog kho los ntawm txoj kev xws li kev pab cuam los yog lub thawv hluav taws xob rau hluav taws xob dilution. Cov concentration ntawm SO2 nyob rau hauv lub tshuab flue roj yog qhov siab, feem ntau yog li ntawm 8 mus rau 12 feem pua, uas tuaj yeem siv rau cov kua qaub. Cov txheej txheem tshuab feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov kab rov tav converter nrog kev ua haujlwm tsis sib xws. Cua nrog lub ntsuas siab txog li 1kgf / cm2 yog cua tshuab rau hauv cov yaj los ntawm ib kab ntawm cov cua qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov ntev ntawm lub converter. Kev pub mis, slag tawm, tooj liab tawm, thiab cov pa pa tawm tag nrho dhau los ntawm lub qhov cub qhov ncauj ntawm lub qhov cub.
Cov pyro refining thiab electrolytic refining pyro refining ntawm crude tooj liab coj kom zoo dua ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias ib co impurities muaj ib tug ntau affinity rau oxygen tshaj tooj liab, thiab lawv oxides yog insoluble nyob rau hauv kua tooj liab, thiab raug tshem tawm los ntawm oxidation slagging los yog volatilization. Thaum lub sij hawm txo tus txheej txheem, npog lub npoo ntawm cov kua tooj liab nrog charcoal los yog coke los tiv thaiv reoxidation. Tom qab refining, nws tuaj yeem muab pov rau hauv tooj liab anode lossis tooj liab ingot rau electrolytic refining. Cov txheej txheem yog ntxiv cov kua tooj liab rau hauv lub qhov cub refining kom sov los yog ntxiv cov khoom tooj liab rau hauv lub qhov cub kom yaj, thiab tom qab ntawd tshuab cua rau hauv cov kua tooj liab kom oxidize, volatilize impurities, slagging tawm ntawm slag, thiab ces txo cov tooj liab oxide. los ntawm kev ntxig ntoo ntsuab lossis txhaj cov roj hnyav, roj av lossis ammonia rau hauv cov kua tooj liab. Lub refining slag muaj cov tooj liab siab, uas tuaj yeem xa rov qab mus rau lub converter rau kev ua thiab refining nyob rau hauv reverberatory rauv los yog teb refining rauv.
Lub voj voog tshuab tau muab faib ua ob theem: thawj theem yog oxidize FeS rau FeO, tshem tawm slag, thiab tau txais dawb matte tooj liab (Cu2S). Lub smelting kub yog li ntawm 1150 degree mus rau 1250 degree. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tseem ceeb yog:
2FeS + 3O2 → 2FeO + 2SO2
2FeO + SiO2 → 2FeO · SiO2
Lub smelting kub li ntawm 1200 degree mus rau 1280 degree, thiab dawb ice tooj liab yog tshuab thiab refined rau hauv ntxhib tooj liab raws li nram no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv:
2Cu2S + 3O2 → 2Cu2O + 2SO2
Cu2S + 2Cu2O → 6Cu + SO2
Cov ntsiab lus saum toj no yog tsim los ntawm Superb heater Company, super heater. Kev tsim khoom tseem ceeb: cov khoom siv cua sov, ntsuas kub, cov khoom siv, cov khoom siv, thiab cov khoom siv raw xws li tubular rhaub, tubular rhaub, siv cua sov, ceramic rhaub, silicone roj hmab rhaub, thermocouples, thiab lwm yam.
Zoo siab txais tos cov neeg koom tes hauv kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb los tham txog kev koom tes!
